Libya and the arab spring on 15 february 2011, demonstrations in the city of benghazi took place against longtime leader colonel muammar gaddafi before quickly developing into an armed uprising. The libyan revolution and the arab spring april 3, 2011. Demonstrators expressing political and economic grievances faced violent crackdowns by their countries security forces. Between the islamic state and the nationstate the brookings project on u. In libya, a sclerotic, violent and dictatorial regime fought it out to the bitter end, long after it knew it was all over. Change and resistance in the middle east examines these revolutions and their aftermath. Triggers, dynamics and prospects stephan rosiny on 17 december 2010, the selfimmolation of tunisian vegetable vendor mohammed bouazizi sparked the arab spring.
Since december 2010 the world has watched as demonstrations and protests spread across countries in north africa and the middle east. The gaddafi archives libya before the arab spring view gallery an exhibition of photographs, documents and artefacts from the human rights watch archive paints a portrait of libya in the four decades prior to the arab spring. Libyas arab spring sage journals sage publications. Avicious circle of mutually reinforcing negative repercussions muriel asseburg protests, revolts and the fall of decadesold leaderships have brought about political openings and the chance, at. Yemens arab spring democratic opening or regime maintenance. The arab spring jason marshall introduction the arab spring is a blanket term to cover a multitude of uprisings and protests in the middle east that began in the winter of 2010 and continue today. His death saw the rebel militias turn on each other in a mosaic of turf. This article appears in the foreign affairs cfr ebook, the new arab revolt.
Parsing the differences between tunisia, egypt, and libya. Libya s arab spring was a bloody affair, ending with the killing of gaddafi, one of the worlds most ruthless dictators. The reasons and economic and political consequences of. Tunisia and the arab spring overview students begin this lesson by discussing the concept of freedom and the attributes of countries that embrace or deny freedom. At the eve of the arab spring, one out of four egyptians and tunisians young was out of employment. This paper argues that we ought to understand the arab spring as transformative revolutionary movement, but one that will be faced with numerous bumps in the road ahead. Washington must come to grips with these variations if it hopes to shape the outcomes constructively.
To politically analyze the neverending arab spring, is a difficult task today as the arab spring continues to. Arab spring libya 360 libya after moammar gaddafi the washington post. Libya in the arab spring from revolution to insecurity ramazan. By examining libyas security architecture before and after the north atlantic treaty organization nato intervention in 2011, this book. The balance of states, algeria, djibouti, jordan, kuwait, lebanon, mauritania, morocco, oman and saudi arabia, have experienced only minor changes, returning to or retaining a prearab spring. The impact of the arab spring concerns protests or by the way attempts to organize growing protest movements that were inspired by or similar to the arab spring in the arabmajority states of north africa and the middle east, according to commentators, organisers, and critics. Egypt, libya, syria, and yemen quickly emulated tunisias example, giving hope to the citizens of those countries that major political and economic transformations were underway. The arab spring unexpectedly developed in late 2010 with peaceful protests in a number of arab countries against longstanding, entrenched regimes, and rapid political change across the region ensued. Someone called these revolutionary events arab spring, and the phrase stuck. The arab spring its impact on the region and on the middle east conference of the regime and within the regime, with the former comprising tunisia, egypt, and libya and the latter including jordan and saudi arabia. Irans role in the arab spring of libya iakovos alhadeff. These demonstrations and protest efforts have all been critical of the government in their respective countries. Thi s researc h articl e attempts to scrutinize the nature and cause s of the ara b uprising s which too k people by surpris e globall y throughou t 2011 and int o 2012.
The arab spring which first broke out in tunisia and disseminated to many countries in the arab world has become one of the most actual topics of the international political agenda in the recent years. Two divergent paths of the arab spring are clearly visible today. Meanwhile, egyptians rose in revolt as strikes across the country brought daily life to a halt and toppled the government. It was a civil war between two sides of libya in 2011. See how the arab spring skirted oman, december 2011. What was lost in those hasty assessments was the unpredictability of transitions and the. Pdf arab spring as a background of civil war in syria. Fidh 3 on 18 january 2011, in cairo, asmaa mahfouz, a 26yearold blogger, posted a video on facebook calling for a demonstration in tahrir square to protest. Pdf analysis and background of the arab spring in libya. Its origins, evolution and consequences four years on. Prashad hopes that the arab spring will deepen democracy in arab countries. Political party development before and after the arab spring shadi hamid political parties have long struggled to gain traction in the arab world due to. These prodemocracy movements rose up against the dictatorial regimes and corrupt leaders that had ruled for decades in some cases.
Libya the death of dictator first protests in libya started on january 2011 but mass uprisings began in the city of benghazi on 15 february 2011. Analysis of the arab spring 3 blunders in state response, in particular using a heavyhanded approach and trying to crush opposition, had the reverse effect of galvanising more people to join the protests icg, 2011b and 2011d. Theory history and the arab spring, economy and society, 41 4. The event set off uprisings across north africa and the. This book sketches the discourse about a new constitution in libya since 2011. In parallel to the arab spring, in 2012, the us and the european union imposed the most comprehensive international sanctions programme yet seen against iran. Vincent durac, university college dublin abstract yemens revolt of 2011, like its counterparts in tunisia and egypt, raises many questions about recent analysis of authoritarianism in the arab world. The libyan revolution began as did most revolutions in the arab world, with protests against a cruel dictator.
The important story about the 2011 arab revolts in tunisia, egypt, and libya is not how the globalization of the norms of civic engagement shaped. Issue brief aftermath of the arab spring in north africa exports, and 98 percent of government revenues. By examining libyas security architecture before and after the north atlantic treaty. The arab spring uprisings of 2011 resulted in peoples revolutions in the middle. A year of revolution a year ago, a tunisian fruitseller set himself on fire after being humiliated by a police officer. The arab spring therefore has demonstrated a strong regional dynamic. Libya, tunisia and the arab spring jason william boose international journal of social science and humanity, vol. Any strategy to tackle isis should first aim at bridging libyan political divides and channeling assistance in a way that promotes cooperation between rival forces.
The arab spring in historical perspective mohammadmahmoud ould mohamedou 6 overnight societal transformation to the other of negation of unprecedented change. The arab spring uprisings of 2011 triggered a wide set of social movements and regime change across the middle east and north. This is an arab revolution 27 atlantic centrism 30 is cairo the next new york. From revolution to civil war 78 zones and does not tightly define civil war versus other intrastate conflict.
Why have the upheavals in tunisia, egypt, and libya followed such different paths. Demystifying the arab spring uc san diego social sciences. The arab spring and its unintended effects in syria. This report assesses the impact of the arab spring on the mena region, drawing on briefings, reports. Tunisia and morocco are different in that they are more diversified and depend on agriculture, tourism, manufacturing, and mining. What was meant to be an uprising for change turned into a bloody, brutal and endless civil war. The arab spring may have awakened the entire middle east with a taste of democracy in a few countries, but syria has seen the adverse effects of it. The arab spring in oman a very good article from the centerleft huffington post about the arab spring of oman in 2011. Along with the decrease in production, the demographic boom was also responsible for increasing unemployment. Because of the countries vastly different cultures and histories, writes the president of the american university in cairo. The roots and causes of the 2011 arab uprisings kamal eldin osman salih abstract. Noted authorities writing specifically for this volume contribute chapters focusing on. The arab spring brought about regime change, but did not bring about peaceonly a quagmire in these arab states. Like germany, england and france in the second world war, most of syria is destroyed.
Its causes and consequences 3 arab countries barany, 2011. The protests grew large by midfebruary and were especially large in tripoli. Development of conflict in arab spring libya and syria. Analysis and background of the arab spring in libya article pdf available in european researcher 3912. On libya, the arab spring and syria by tariq ali tariq ali was interviewed on events in the middle east by swedish journalists s. The reasons and economic and political consequences of arab spring 43 egypt, where arab spring lasted longer, is one of the largest countries in africa with its advantages such as its location, tourism revenues and logistics moaddel, 2012. Demystifying the arab spring parsing the differences between tunisia, egypt, and libya lisa anderson in tunisia, protesters escalated calls for the restoration of the countrys suspended constitution. Within this context, students will then learn about the arab spring through a powerpoint. Arab spring, wave of prodemocracy protests and uprisings that took place in the middle east and north africa beginning in 2010, challenging some of the regions entrenched authoritarian regimes. Kristian coates ulrichsen, middle east fellow at the baker institute for public policy, associate fellow at chatham house and a visting fellow at the london school of economics lse published a paper titled qatar and the arab spring. According to huffington post the arab spring in oman was probably a warning send to oman from the united arab emirates, in order for.
Briefly after the revolution, libya experienced a period of calm before it was plunged yet again into another conflict. A comparative analysis of the postarab uprisings period in egypt, tunisia and libya. Disturbances have ranged from protests to full civil war and. It began in response to oppressive regimes and a low standard of living, starting with protests in tunisia noueihed, 2011. Libyas arab spring was a bloody affair, ending with the killing of gaddafi, one of the worlds most ruthless dictators. In many ways the outcome of the arab spring is still in flux three years on. Reflections from october 2011 to september 20 67 1. It will be some time before the dust settles and the new political shape of the region is known. He writes that islamic parties might be the winners of this democratic opening in the short termhowever these parties embrace the neoliberal economics so loathed by. Applying a discourse analytical approach, the author identifies societal cleavages that have come to the fore in libyas. Gramsci and other marxists place civil society outside the power structures of.
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